The arrival of the Hindu people from India marked the end of prehistorical period in Indonesia. The first centuries AD until the year of 1500, i.e., with the fall of Majapahit kingdom, constituted the Hindu influence period. Based on the information found on an 8th century AD inscription, it could be said that the ancient Balinese historical period covered the time between the 8th and the 14th century AD when the Majapahit's Gajah Mada expedition invaded and defeated Bali.
The term Balidwipa (meaning Bali island) has existed since time immemorial. This has been discovered from various inscriptions. Among these inscriptions were Blanjong charter which was issued by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 913 AD mentioned the word Walidwipa. Similar evidence was from King Jayapangus' charters: Buwahan D and Cempaga A inscriptions dated 1181 AD.
Bali's historical period is divided into three phases: 882-1343 period, 1343-1846 period, and 1846-1949 period.
882-1343 Period
A. Kings and Queen
The following kings and queen governed Bali during this period:
Singhamandawa Dynasty
Warmadewa Dynasty
a. King Sri Kesari Warmadewa
b. Queen Sri Ugrasena
c. King Candrabhaya Singa Warmadewa
d. King Dharma Udayana Warmadewa
e. King Marakata
f. King Anak Wungsu
g. Sri Maharaja Sri Walaprabu
h. Sri Maharaja Sri Sakalendukirana
i. Sri Suradhipa
j. Sri Jaya Sakti
k. King Jayapangus
l. King Sri Astasura Ratna Bumi Banten
B. The System of Government
Among the Balinese kings who left a lot of written information which described the structure of government at the time were Udayana, Jayapangus, Jayasakti, and Anak Wungsu.
Central Advisory Board or the Board called panglapuan assisted the king running the government according to a charter dated 882 - 914 AD. Since Udayana's time, the Board was called pakiran-kiran i jro makabaihan. The Board members comprised of several senapatis (commanders) and Siwa and Buddhist priests.
1343 – 1846 Period
This period started with the Gajah Mada's expedition in 1343. Here are the details:
1. The Gajah Mada's Expedition
Gajah Mada's expedition to Bali was done when the Bedahulu kingdom under King Astasura Ratna Bumi Banten and patih (prime minister) Kebo Iwo governed Bali. After killing Kebo Iwo, Gajah Mada and the commander Arya Damar led the expedition and the troop of Aryas assisted them. The attack resulted in a battle between Gajah Mada's forces and Bedahulu's army led by Pasungrigis. The king and his son were killed in the battle. After Pasungrigis surrendered, there was no king govern Bali.
Majapahit appointed Sri Kresna Kepakisan to lead the government in Bali under the consideration of the existence of a blood relation between him and the people of Bali Aga.
2. Samprangan Period
Arriving on Bali, Sri Kresna Kepakisan chose Samprangan as the center of the government. The kings during this period, were Dalem Sri Kresna Kepakisan (1350 – 1380) and Raden Agra Samprangan (1380). Raden Agra Samprangan was the eldest son of Dalem Sri Kresna Kepakisan.
3. Gelgel Period
Dalem Ketut Ngulesir, who moved the centre of government to Gelgel, replaced Raden Agra Samprangan. This was the beginning of the Gelgel period and King Dalem Ketut Ngulesir was the first regent. The second King was Dalem Watu Renggong (1460-1550) who took the throne and inherited a stable kingdom. Therefore, he was able to develop his ability and integrity to bring prosperity to Gelgel kingdom.
Under the reign of Dalem Watu Renggong, Bali achieved its highest point. When Dalem Watu Renggong died, he was replaced by Dalem Bekung (1550-1580). Meanwhile, the last king of the Gelgel period was Dalem Di Made (1605-1686).
4. Klungkung Kingdom Period
The Klungkung Kingdom was the continuance of the Gelgel dynasty. The rebellion of I Gusti Agung Maruti resulted in the wrecks of the Gelgel kingdom. This occurred after the son of Dalem Di Made grew up and be able to defeat I Gusti Agung Maruti and Gelgel palace was not restored. Gusti Agung Jambe as the son who had the right to the throne, was unwilling to reign in Gelgel, on the other hand he chose a new place as the center of government, ie his former hiding place, Semarapura. As the result of it, Dewa Agung Jambe (1710-1715) became the first Klungkung king. The second king was Dewa Agung Di Made I, while the last Klungkung king was Dewa Agung Di Made II. During this Klungkung period, the kingdom was divided into small kingdoms. These small kingdoms then became autonomies which during the time of independence were known as regencies. (To Be Continued)
(Resource : BagusBali.com)
Note: by clicking the Ads you have helped me....thx
No comments:
Post a Comment